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Which country were you born in？
Which do you want； an apple or an orange？
Whom do you like most； your brother or your sister？
Where did you go last night？
When did you meet your father？
When did you read this book？
Whom did you give this book to？
以上的问句中都有助动词，但以下的问句中，助动词是不存在的：
Who gave you this car？
Who wrote this letter？
Who took my pen away？
Who wants to go with me？
Who can sing this song？
【练习二十六】
将以下的中文问句翻译成英文问句：
你在哪里买这本书的？
他什么时候到美国去的？
他爸爸的名字是什么？
这是谁的书？
你从哪里来的？
你要哪一本书？
这个孩子是谁？
他最喜欢谁？
他叫什么名字？
你昨天到哪里去了？
这是谁的狗？
【练习二十七】
填空
did you go last night？
book do you like？
is your brother？
is his name？
wrote this letter？
did you give this book to？
gave you this book？
car is this？
dog is this？
movie did you see？
can speak English？
did you speak to？
kind of car is this？
fruit do you like most？
does not swim？
被动语气（Passive Voice）
8§1 及物动词和不及物动词
任何一个英文句子必定有一个动词，请先注意以下例句的动词
He was a teacher before。
He went to school yesterday。
He hit a dog。
I saw you yesterday。
He walks to school every day。
He sent this book to me。
They are good students。
He wrote two novels。
They ate all of the apples。
10。 He swims every morning。
在以上的例子中，第3、4、6、8及9句子中的动词都是及物动词（transitive verbs）。这些动词后面都跟着一个名词，而这个名词是动词的受词（object），其它句子的动词，都是不及物动词，因为他们都没有任何受词。
我们将以上句子中，主词、及物动词和受词的关系分析如下：
句子
主词
及物动词
受词
He hit a dog。
He
hit
dog
I saw you yesterday。
I
saw
you
He sent his book to me。
He
sent
his book
He wrote two novels。
He
wrote
two novels
They ate all of the apples。
They
ate
all of the apples
一旦动词是及物动词，我们就可以将这个句子由原来的主动语气（active voice）改成被动语气（passive voice）。但我们也要警告读者，不要轻易用被动语气，因为有时被动语气的句子是不自然的。
8§2 没有助动词的被动语气
在这以前，我们的句子都是主动语气，这种句子的基本形式如下：
主词＋动词＋受词
所谓的被动语气，乃是将原来的受词变成主词。举例来说，主动语气中，我们说〝我看到一些狗〞，在被动语气中，我们说〝一些狗被我看到〞。在英文中，将主动语气改成被动语气，必须做以下的动作：
原有受词变成名词
动词变成verb to be＋过去分词（past participle）
原有主词变成在动词后面，但前面加by。
举例来说，主动语气的句子可以是
I saw a cat。
被动语气就成了
A cat was seen by me。
最重要的是，verb to be的时式必须和原句子的相同，以上的例子中，动词是过去式，所以verb to be也是过去式。除此以外，verb to be也要配合新的主词。请看以下的例子：
I saw two cats。
改成被动语气以后，句子是：
Two cats were seen by me。
以下是主动改被动的例子，最重要的是注意verb to be的形式：
主动语气（active voice）
被动语气（passive voice）
Mr。 Jones hit the dog。
The dog was hit by Mr。 Jones。
My brother saw you yesterday。
You were seen by my brother yesterday。
He sent the book to me。
The book was sent to me by him。
Dickens wrote those two novels。
Those two novels were written by Dickens。
They ate all of the apples。
All of he apples were eaten by them。
Jane wrote that song。
That song was written by Jane。
My mother loves me。
I am loved by my mother。
【练习二十八】
将以下的句子由主动语气改成被动：
He saw that movie last night。
He wrote that letter to me。
He teaches those English classes。
God loves you。
They bought two houses。
I painted this room。
He grows those roses。
He helps his students。
I sold the house。
My uncle bought this car。
【练习二十九】
将以下的句子由被动语气改成主动语气：
The policeman was seen by me。
Those two books were written by me。
These sentences were corrected by my teacher。
He was hit by a car。
His door was locked by me。
His house was built by my father。
His boat was given to me by my father。
This bird is rarely seen by people here。
He is liked by every one。
They were given ten dollars by their friends。
This picture was taken by him。
Too much wine was drunk by the young men。
I was taught by Mr。 Wang。
He was helped by his father。
They were served by that waiter。
His food was prepared by my mother。
His toy was made by my sister。
The book was returned to me by Jim。
That song was written by my brother。
I was invited by him to a party。
8§3 有助动词肯定句子的被动语气
在上一节，我们所有的例子都只是肯定句子，句子中没有助动词，可是有些肯定句子还是有助动词的，以下是一些例子：
主动语气
被动语气
现在进形式
I am writing this letter。
The letter is being written by me。
现在完程序
I have written the letter。
The letter has been written by me。
过去进形式
I was writing the letter when you came。
The letter was being written by me when you came。
过去完程序
I had written the letter before you came。
The letter had been written by me before you came。
未来式
I will write the letter。
The letter will be written by me。
未来完成式
I will have written this letter。
This letter will have been written by me。
未来式
I am going to see you。
You are going to be seen by me。
以下是更多的例子：
主动语气
被动语气
I have seen him。
He has been seen by me。
He is going to help you。
You are going to be helped by him。
He will teach English。
English will be taught by him。
He has helped me all my life。
I have been helped by him all my life。
He had called me before you came。
I had been called by him before you came。
He was calling his mother when we went there。
His mother was being called by him when we went there。
助动词不一定和时式有关，can、should、has to等等都是助动词，这些助动词在改成被动语气的时后，都应维持原状，只需加入verb to be和过去分词即可。以下是一些例子：
主动语气
被动语气
I can play the piano。
The piano can be played by me。
I may use this room。
This room may be used by me。
He must give the book to me。
The book must be given to me by him。
You should help him。
He should be helped by you。
You have to write this letter。
This letter has to be written by you。
He ought to write this report。
This report ought to be written by him。
【练习三十】
将以下的句子改成被动语气：
He has written three novels。
He will write that letter。
They will sing these songs tomorrow。
He will give the speech。
They are painting the house。
I have given him three books。
I can do this job。
He had told me that story before we went there。
Teachers should help the students。
He is writing the report now。
The students must read this book。
I have to give this letter to my mother tonight。
All citizens ought to obey the law。
He has eaten all of the cakes。
The reporters were taking pictures when the storm started。
He had finished the work before five o'clock last night。
Peter will write that letter。
John has received my letter。
Millions of people saw the movie 〃Gone with the wind〃。
He has proved that theorem。
【练习三十一】
将以下句子改成主动语气：
Two books have been written by Joseph。
Football is being played by John。
He should be given that lecture by his father。
That report will be written