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ntify that speaking and writing are different in
six aspects．
34．3 常用的转换词语类型（Types of monly Used
Transitional Words or Phrases）
1）Listing列举
first，second，third
firstly，secondly，thirdly
first，furthermore，finally
in the first place，in the second place，finally
last but not least
first and most important
to begin with，next，then，finally
the former…the latter the first step，the second step，the
next step
2）Illustrating（giving examples）说明（举例）
for example（f．e．） including
for instance（i．d．） mainly
namely such
as
3）Emphasizing强调
obviously certainly
undoubtedly especially
surely above all
indeed most important of all
in fact most importantly
very likely
4）Paralleling并列
or that
is，that's to say not
only…but（also）
and in
other words both…and as
well as
neither…nor either…or
5）Adding补充
also（too） gain furthermore
further moreover what
is more
then in
addition besides
as well（as）
6）parison and Contrast比较与对照
paratives：the same…as；be similar to；and…．，too；
（比较连接词）and…so…；not…and…not…，either；not
…neither…；both…and…；neither…nor…；
Just as…，so…；resemble；have…in mon；
There are similarities between…and…
in the same way；equally important；
similarly
Contrastives：be…adj．/adv．＋ er…than；more…than…；
（对照连接词）less…than…；not so…as；Unlike…/
Contrary to…/As opposed to…；Although/
Whereas/While；contrast with/differ from/
be different from；however/on the other
hand/in contrast
7）Time时间
now in
the past until
soon recently after
a while
later nowadays not
long after
then while in
the mean time
before since meanwhile
8）Space Order空间
under the table in
the distance
on the hilltop across
the river
in front of the room next
to the door
in the back of the room on the front
wall
on the tenth floor along
the street
nearby far
away
inside the house outside
the school
behind the cupboard by
the window
round the corner on
the opposite side of the street
at the foot of the mountain at the bottom of the sea
9）Cause and Effect因果
since so…that…
because thus
because of this/that hence
because of the fact that therefore
as a result accordingly
as a result of otherwise
be due to be
responsible for
consequently cause
be a consequence of lead
to
as a consequence of contribute
to
be the reason for result
in
follow from bring
about
result from give
rise to
10）Concluding总结
in conclusion to
conclude
to sum up in
brief
at last in
short
finally
11）Qualifying转折（限定）
but however （al）though
yet except
for nevertheless
of course after
al
clearly
still
34．4 Assignment for Unit 34
Directions：There are twenty blanks in the following passage．For each blank there is a
transitional word or phrase missing．You should choose the appropriate word or phrase of each blank from
the given words or phrases below ．Be sure to use each of the given words or phrases，some of which may appear twice．
similarly，therefore，but，however，first of all，and，even，finally，for example，secondly，on the other hand，further…more，third，when，nevertheless，as aresult，or
Since we Americans are a blend of people from many countries，we have a very short history which
can properly be called“American”．____，it is hard to
find characteristics which apply to all Americans．We bine many extremes from many different cultures．____，we can make some generalizations．Our main characteristics include individuality，a bination of idealism and
practicality，materialism，____a lack of parental influence，all of which permeate our lives．
____，we Americans
value individuality．Our country was founded by strong individuals，and we do not like to be forced
into conformity．Therefore，we insist on having a great deal of
freedom．Interestingly
enough，____，most Americans use this freedom to
behave very much like most other Americans，and we are suspicious of those who do not conform．Hippies are individualists，____，but most Americans do not like them．By the same token，we consider ourselves very faithful to the laws of our country，____there are few among us who
would not break one if it was felt that no harm would be done by doing so—such as by exceeding the speed
limit or failing to report informally…received cash ine on tax forms．
____，we Americans
are both practical and idealistic．We place great value on doing things forourselves，for this is what our pioneer
forefathers were forced to do．Many foreign visitors are surprised to find that many couples of
fortable means do their own yard work，their own house…work，their own repairs．____，we are very
idealistic：We think we
have the best political，social，and economic
system yet devised，and we ____expect everything to go smoothly．
____our idealism，we are easily disillusioned．This is why so many marriages end in divorce—young couples' expectations from
marriage are unrealistically high．____，it helps
explain the dissatisfactions and protests of many young people，and ____older people，who enjoy one of the highest
standards of living in the world．
A ____characteristics of us Americans is that money is more
important than prestige to us．People work extremely hard，so many，unfortunately，either have little leisure time，or do not know how to enjoy it．Why do we work so hard？It is not to achieve greater status or prestige，but simply to have more of the
material objects and fort that money can buy．
____，o